A considerable clinical need exists for alternatives to the autologous vein and artery tissues used for vascular reconstructive surgeries such as coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), lower limb bypass, arteriovenous shunts, and repair of congenital defects to coronary circulation. So far, devices made from synthetic materials have not matched the efficacy of native grafts, particularly in small diameter applications. Recent advances in cell biology and tissue engineering have introduced the possibility of a living, biological graft that might mimic the functional properties of native vessels…